Cannabis. Usos y aplicaciones en la práctica odontológica diaria: revisión de la literatura / Cannabis. Uses and applications in daily dental practice: a review of the literature

La evidencia científica presente en la literatura indica que el cannabis puede ser utilizado con fines terapéuticos para tratar distintas afecciones odontológicas. Dado el acceso sencillo a la cavidad bucal, las distintas formulaciones de cannabis pueden aplicarse de forma tópica. La aplicación local de dosis bajas de cannabis ha demostrado alta efectividad para tratar distintas afecciones bucales, constituyendo un tratamiento seguro con baja probabilidad de generar repercusiones sistémicas indeseadas. En la actualidad, está siendo incorporado a materiales convencionales de uso e higiene odontológica con la finalidad de aprovechar sus efectos terapéuticos. El cannabis tiene múltiples usos en odontología: como componen-te de enjuagues bucales y soluciones para la desinfección de conductos radiculares, en tratamientos de trastornos de ansiedad bucal, como complemento en terapias oncológicas, como analgésico para atenuar el dolor inflamatorio y el neuropático, como miorrelajante y condroprotector para tratar trastornos de articulación témporomandibular (ATM) y bruxismo, como osteomodulador para el tratamiento de patologías que comprometen la integridad ósea, como la enfermedad periodontal y la osteoporosis, y para la cicatrización ósea asociada a fracturas, extracciones dentarias e implantes, y como inmunomodulador con potencial terapéutico para tratar patologías autoinmunes como las enfermedades reumáticas. El trata-miento local con cannabis es efectivo, bien tolerado por el paciente y con pocos efectos adversos. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que el cannabis aporta un enorme abanico de posibilidades terapéuticas para tratar distintas afecciones odontológicas, aunque aún se requiere mayor cantidad de estudios científicos que avalen su utilización en cada situación fisiopatológica particular (AU)

The scientific evidence present in the literature indicates that cannabis can be used for therapeutic purposes to treat different dental conditions. Given the easy access to the oral cavity, the different cannabis formulations can be applied topically. The local application of low doses of cannabis has shown high effectiveness in treating different oral conditions, constituting a safe treatment with a low probability of generating unwanted systemic repercussions. It is currently being incorporated into conventional materials for dental use and hygiene in order to take advantage of its therapeutic effects. Cannabis has multiple uses in dentistry: as a component of mouthwashes and solutions for disinfecting root canals, in the treatment of oral anxiety disorders, as a complement in oncological therapies, as an analgesic to reduce inflammatory and neuropathic pain, as a muscle relaxant and chondroprotective to treat temporomandibular joint disorders and bruxism, as an osteomodulator for the treatment of pathologies that compromise bone integrity, such as periodontal disease and osteoporosis, and or bone healing associated with fractures, dental extractions and implants, and as immunomodulator with therapeutic potential to treat autoimmune pathologies such as rheumatic diseases. Local treatment with cannabis is effective, well tolerated by the patient and with few adverse effects. Local treatment with cannabis is effective, well tolerated by the patient and with few adverse effects. Therefore, it can be concluded that cannabis provides an enormous range of therapeutic possibilities to treat different dental conditions, although more scientific studies are still required to support its use in each particular pathophysiological situation (AU)

Non-invasive therapies for management of temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review

Introduction: As a multifactorial disease, temporomandibular disorders (TMD) require a complex therapeutic approach, being noninvasive therapies the first option for most patients. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review to analyze the most common non-invasive therapies used for TMD management. Methods: The review was done by searching electronic databases to identify controlled clinical trials related to pharmacologic and non-invasive treatments. Of all potential articles found, 35 were included in this review. Results: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), occlusal splints (OS) and oral exercises/ behavior education (OE/BE) were the most common therapies used. LLLT showed significant results in pain and movement improvement in most studies. OS was usually combined to other therapies and resulted in improvement of pain. OE/BE showed significant results when combined with ultrasound, LLLT, and manual therapy. Conclusions: Non-invasive treatments can provide pain relief and should be prescribed before surgical procedures. LLLT was the therapy with the higher number of studies showing positive results. Based in heterogeneity of treatment protocols, diagnostic and outcomes criteria used, new well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCT) are necessary. (AU)

El uso de toxina botulínica en el tratamiento de la neuralgia del trigémino (V par craneal) / The Use of Botulinum Toxin in the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia (Fifth Cranial Nerve)

ABSTRACT The Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN) is described as neuropathic pain at the orofacial level, characterized by unbearable pain that can last from a few seconds to several minutes. The different treatments used for these patients are to numb the nerve, surgical, pharmacological, and the administration at extra and intraoral level of botulinum toxin, which is a neurotoxin produced in cultures of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum in a natural way; in the sporulation process are 7 subtypes being the subtype A the most used in neurological problems. The botulinum toxin acts as a neuromuscular blocker, by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine at the synaptic space, which is an important neurotransmitter to produce local muscle relaxation, and the patients report reductions in the frequency and intensity of pain with minimal side effects. The injection of botulinum toxin produces an effective pain reduction of neuropathic origin in the hyperalgesic tissue and is used as adjuvant therapy when oral medications do not give adequate control of pain. Over time it is expected to reduce the drugs as the patient tells that the pain has decreased or is being controlled. Patients are indicated the variation of time in which they can obtain relief of their pain. In patients with uncontrolled pain of the trigeminal nerve, the toxin is placed extraoral in the orofacial region with high effectiveness, but there is a lack of studies on the administration in the intraoral submucosal.

RESUMEN La Neuralgia del Trigémino (NT) se describe como un dolor neuropático a nivel orofacial, caracterizado por un dolor insoportable y que puede durar de pocos segundos a varios minutos. Los diferentes tratamientos utilizados para estos pacientes son insensibilizar el nervio, quirúrgico, farmacológico y la administración de toxina botulínica a nivel extra e intraoral, que es una neurotoxina producida en cultivos de la bacteria Clostridium botulinum de manera natural; en el proceso de esporulación se encuentran 7 subtipos siendo el subtipo A el más empleado en problemas neurológicos. Este trabajo se realiza para mantener informada a los profesionales en salud, en especial a los de odontología, sobre los avances de la aplicación de la toxina botulínica, como una alternativa acertada en los pacientes con NT. La toxina botulínica funciona como bloqueador neuromuscular, inhibiendo la liberación de la acetilcolina al espacio sináptico, que es un importante neurotransmisor para producir relajación muscular local, y los pacientes informan de reducciones en la frecuencia e intensidad del dolor con mínimos efectos secundarios. La inyección de toxina botulínica produce una eficaz reducción del dolor de origen neuropático en el tejido hiperalgésico y se usa como terapia adyuvante principalmente cuando los medicamentos orales no dan el adecuado control del dolor. Con el tiempo se espera ir reduciendo los fármacos a medida que el paciente refiera que el dolor ha disminuido o se encuentra controlado. A los pacientes se les indica la variación de tiempo en que pueden obtener alivio de su dolor. En pacientes con dolor no controlado del nervio trigémino, la toxina botulínica se coloca de forma extraoral en la región orofacial, con alta efectividad, pero faltan estudios sobre la administración en la submucosa intraoral.

Tratamento de disfunções temporomandibulares com toxina botulínica tipo A / Treatment of temporomandibular disorders with botulinum toxin type A

Introdução: a disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) abrange muitos problemas clínicos nas articulações, na musculatura e em outras regiões da oroface. A origem multifatorial e sua etiologia envolvem fatores psicocomportamentais, oclusais e neuromusculares, seu diagnóstico é realizado pela anamnese detalhada, com a identificação dos fatores predisponentes, iniciadores e perpetuantes, e pelo exame físico, que consiste em palpação da musculatura, mensuração da movimentação ativa e verificação dos ruídos articulares. Objetivo: sistematizar as evidências científicas e verificar a eficácia do tratamento de disfunções temporomandibulares de origem muscular com a toxina botulínica do tipo A (TBX-A). Materiais e método: a busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed e SciELO, com os descritores: "myofascial pain", "botulinum toxin" e "masticatory muscles". Foram analisados ensaios clínicos randomizados, que apresentaram tratamento para DTM com a utilização da TBX-A em pacientes de ambos os sexos. A qualidade metodológica dos artigos selecionados foi verificada de acordo com a escala de Jadad. Considerações finais: observou-se que o tratamento para a DTM por meio da TBX-A auxilia no tratamento de dores orofaciais permanentes como coadjuvante, aliado a tratamentos conservadores. Os estudos que demonstraram resultados clínicos significativos utilizaram uma dose total de 100 U de TBX-A, sendo 30 U nos músculos masseteres e 20 U nos músculos temporais, bilateralmente. (AU)

Introduction: temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) involves a number of clinical problems in joints, muscles, and other orofacial regions. The multifactorial origin and etiology involve psychobehavioral, occlusal, and neuromuscular factors. The diagnosis is performed by a detailed anamnesis with the identification of predisposing factors, initiators and perpetuants, and the physical examination, which consists of muscle palpation, measurement of the active movement, and verification of joint noises. Objective: to systematize the scientific evidence and to verify the efficacy of treatment of temporomandibular disorders of muscular origin with botulinum toxin type A (TBX-A). Materials and method: the bibliographic search was performed in the PubMed and SciELO databases, with the descriptors of "myofascial pain", "botulinum toxin", "masticatory muscles". Randomized clinical trials that presented treatment for TMD with the use of TBX-A in patients of both sexes were analyzed. The methodological quality of the articles selected was verified according to the Jadad scale. Final considerations: it was observed that treatment for TMD using TBX-A helps to treat permanent orofacial pain as a support, along with conservative treatments. The studies showing significant clinical outcomes used a total dose of 100 U of TBX-A, considering 30 U for the masseter muscles and 20 U for the temporal muscles, bilaterally. (AU)

Atualidades sobre o tratamento das disfunções temporomandibulares / Updates on the management of temporomandibular disorders

O crescimento das situações estressantes, associado a outros fatores agravantes, tem tornado as Disfunções Temporomandibulares (DTM) foco de diversas pesquisas e intervenções clínicas. As incorreções oclusais, musculares e comportamentais podem alterar o sistema estomatognático, prejudicando a saúde periodontal, dental e dos demais tecidos bucais, e comprometendo os trabalhos clínicos já realizados. A compreensão dessa patologia deve ser de conhecimento do cirurgião-dentista, especialmente daquele que vai realizar reabilitações bucais implantossuportadas. O controle da DTM pode ser primordial para o sucesso do tratamento planejado. Condições diagnósticas e comportamentais do paciente podem orientar as propostas terapêuticas do profi ssional, e essa tem sido cada vez mais uma realidade para o controle das situações sintomáticas relacionadas às DTM. Fatores inerentes ao diagnóstico são relevantes na condução terapêutica, e somente através de procedimentos sistemáticos e bem estruturados é possível obter dados que assegurem organizar a intervenção necessária ao manejo das DTM. Neste artigo descrevemos alguns procedimentos adotados em nossa conduta clínica para o diagnóstico das DTM, ao mesmo tempo em que abordamos algumas modalidades de intervenção terapêutica, com uma visão voltada à terapia baseada em evidências.

The stressful situations associated with other aggravating factors has made Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) the focus of several researches and clinical interventions. Occlusal, muscular and behavioral disturbance may alter the stomatognathic system, compromising periodontal, dental and other oral tissues health, as well as some clinical work already done. The understanding of this pathology should be relevant to the dentist, especially when it will be performed supported implant rehabilitations. Control of TMD may be critical to the success of planned treatment. Diagnostic conditions and behavioral understanding of the patient may guide the therapeutic proposals, and it has been an increasingly reality for the control of TMD symptomatic situations. Factors inherent to the diagnosis are relevant in the therapeutic conduction, and it is only through systematic and well structured procedures the data can be obtained to organize the necessary intervention for TMD management. In this article, we describe some of the procedures adopted in our clinical management for the diagnosis of TMD, while addressing some modalities of therapeutic intervention, with a vision focused on evidence-based therapy.

Selective 5-HT7 receptor agonists LP 44 and LP 211 elicit an analgesic effect on formalin-induced orofacial pain in mice

ABSTRACT The most recently identified serotonin (5-HT) receptor is the 5-HT7 receptor. The antinociceptive effects of a 5-HT7 receptor agonist have been shown in neuropathic and inflammatory animal models of pain. A recent study demonstrated the functional expression of 5-HT7 receptors in the substantia gelatinosa (SG) of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis, which receives and processes orofacial nociceptive inputs. Objective To investigate the antinociceptive effects of pharmacological activation of 5-HT7 receptors on orofacial pain in mice. Material and Methods Nociception was evaluated by using an orofacial formalin test in male Balb-C mice. Selective 5-HT7 receptor agonists, LP 44 and LP 211 (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg), were given intraperitoneally 30 min prior to a formalin injection. A bolus of 10 µl of 4% subcutaneous formalin was injected into the upper lip of mice and facial grooming behaviors were monitored. The behavioral responses consisted of two distinct periods, the early phase corresponding to acute pain (Phase I: 0–12 min) and the late phase (Phase II: 12–30 min). Results LP 44 and LP 211 (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) produced an analgesic effect with reductions in face rubbing time in both Phase I and Phase II of the formalin test. Conclusion Our results suggest that 5-HT7 receptor agonists may be promising analgesic drugs in the treatment of orofacial pain.

Schwannomatose - primeiros casos relatados no Brasil / Schwannomatosis - first reported cases in Brazil

A dor neuropática pode ser decorrente de diversas causas, entre elas a schwannomatose (SCH), uma doença que acomete cerca de cinco mil brasileiros. A SCH é caracterizada por schwannomas múltiplos e intensamente dolorosos. O diagnóstico diferencial de SCH inclui especialmente as neurofibromatoses do tipo 1 e 2. Um caso típico de SCH, provavelmente o primeiro registrado no Brasil, é apresentado e discutido em detalhes e dois outros casos subsequentes são comparados quanto a determinados aspectos clínicos e radiológicos. Paciente feminina de 33 anos de idade foi admitida com queixas de dor e diminuição progressivada força no membro inferior esquerdo, havia cinco anos, associadas ao surgimento de nodulações muito dolorosas naquela região. Apresentava também duas manchas café com leite (<1 cm). A RNM detectou tumores de partes moles em região subcutânea e intracavitárias. Foram realizadas duas biópsias em regiões distintas e o exame microscópico de dois nódulos revelou células de Schwann envoltas por abundante estroma mixóide. O exame imuno-histoquímico mostrou marcação forte e difusa para proteína S-100. O exame ultraestrutural demonstrou nas áreas centrais células de Schwann, com restos membranosos intracitoplasmáticos e, focalmente, membrana basal redundante. A sintomatologia álgica, o padrão de crescimento neoplásico intraneural, com acentuado edema peritumoral, hialinização vascular e reatividade imuno-histoquímica para proteína S-100 nas células de Schwann no centro das lesões possibilitaram o diagnóstico de schwannomatose. O tratamento farmacológico para a dor foi a opção possível, obtendo-se remissão parcial da dor...

Neuropathic pain stems various sources including schwannomatosis (SCH), a disease that affects about five thousand Brazilians. SCH is characterized by multiple and intensely painful schwannomas. Differential diagnosis of SCH includes, especially, neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2. A typical case of SCH, possibly the first recorded in Brazil, is presented and discussed in detail and compared with two other subsequent cases with regards to selected clinical and radiological aspects. A 33 year-old female patient was admitted with pain and progressive loss of strength in the left lower limb for the past five years. These complaints were associated withthe appearance of very painful nodules in the same region. She also had two light brown (café-au-lait) spots (<1 cm). MRI detected soft tissue tumors in the subcutaneous and intracavitary regions. Two distinct biopsies of different regions and microscopic examination of two nodulesrevealed Schwann cells surrounded by abundant myxoid stroma. Immunohistochemical examination showed strong and diffuse markers of S-100 protein. Ultrastructural examination showed Schwann cells in the core areas with traces of intracytoplasmic membranes and foci of redundant basement membrane. The pain symptoms, the pattern of intraneural neoplastic growth with marked peritumoral edema, vascular hyalinization, and immunohistochemical reactivity for S-100 protein in Schwann cells in lesion cores suggested the diagnosis of schwannomatosis. Pharmacological pain treatment achieved partial remission of pain...

Chronic temporomandibular pain treatment using sodium diclofenac / Tratamiento crónico del dolor temporomandibular con diclofenaco sódico

This study evaluate spontaneous pain after and before administration of sodium diclofenac, isolated or associated to carisoprodol, acetaminophen and caffeine, in chronic temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients. Were selected eighteen volunteers, both men and women, between 35-70 years of age (mean age 50 years). The inclusion criteria was masticatory muscle pain, and the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) was used on the diagnose. The selection of treatment for each individual was done by a triple-blind full-randomized crossover methodology. Thus, all patients were submitted to all treatment at different moments, in a non standardized sequence, avoiding tendentious results. The treatments were: A (sodium diclofenac + carisoprodol + acetaminophen + caffeine), B (sodium diclofenac) and C (placebo), all associated with an occlusal splint. Each treatment period was followed by an eleven-day washout. There weren't observed differences between initial and final values of treatments. However, there were statistically significant differences in evaluative and miscellaneous sensorial groups after B treatment; and in sensorial, affective, and total score groups after B and C treatments. Within the limitations of this investigation, we conclude that treatment of muscular TMD patients with sodium diclofenac isolated promoted higher analgesia than treatment with sodium diclofenac more associations or placebo, when associated to an occlusal splint.

Este estudio evaluó el dolor espontáneo antes y después de la administración de diclofenaco sódico, aislado o asociado a carisoprodol, paracetamol y cafeína, en pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares crónicos (TTM). Se seleccionaron dieciocho voluntarios, hombres y mujeres, entre 35-70 años de edad (edad media 50 años). Los criterios de inclusión fueron dolor muscular masticatorio, y los criterios diagnósticos para trastornos temporomandibulares (RDC / TMD) como diagnóstico. La selección del tratamiento para cada individuo se llevó a cabo mediante una metodología de cruce triple ciego completo al azar. Por lo tanto, todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a todos los tratamientos en diferentes momentos, en una secuencia no estandarizada, evitando los resultados tendenciosos. Los tratamientos fueron: A (diclofenaco sódico + carisoprodol + acetaminofen + cafeína), B (diclofenaco sódico) y C (placebo), todos asociados a una férula oclusal. Cada período de tratamiento fue seguido por once días. No se encontraron diferencias entre los valores inicial y final de los tratamientos. Sin embargo, hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los grupos de evaluación sensorial y después del tratamiento B, y en los grupos de calificación sensorial, afectivo, y el total después de los tratamientos B y C. Dentro de las limitaciones de esta investigación, se concluye que el tratamiento con diclofenaco sódico aislado en pacientes con TTM musculares promueve una mayor analgesia que el tratamiento con diclofenaco sódico más asociaciones o placebo, cuando se asocia a una férula oclusal.

Application of Botulinum toxin Type A: An arsenal in dentistry.

An extremely effective way of preventing damage to and enhancing treatment of dental hard tissues and restorations would be to ''de-programme'' the muscles responsible for excessive destructive forces and other gnathological-related diseases. The new paradigm is the intramuscular injection of Botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX) into the affected muscles. It is a natural protein produced by anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. The toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine (ACH), a neurotransmitter responsible for the activation of muscle contraction and glandular secretion, and its administration results in reduction of tone in the injected muscle. There are seven distinct serotypes of Botulinum toxin, viz., A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, which differ in their potency, duration of action, and cellular target sites. This paper describes the different applications of BOTOX in dentistry.

Analgesic efficacy of diazepam and placebo in patients with temporomandibular disorders: A double blind randomized clinical trial.

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the analgesic efficacy of placebo and diazepam in patients with temporomandibular disorder. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five patients were recruited with a diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder based on standard clinical diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorder. The patients were put in to one of the two groups: placebo or diazepam at random. The average pain intensity was recorded with visual analog scale (VAS) at pretreatment, at weekly interval till the completion of a three-week trial and at post-treatment visit on the eighth week from baseline. The secondary outcome measures were changes in masticatory muscle tenderness, viz. massater muscle, lateral pterygoid muscle, medial pterygoid muscle and temporalis muscle and changes in mouth opening. Statistical Analysis: Intra-group comparison for analgesic efficacy and mouth opening was carried out by Wilcoxon's signed ranked test. Inter-group comparison for analgesic efficacy was also carried out using Mann-Whitney's test. Results: A statistically significant (P<0.01) decrease in temporomandibular disorder pain in the placebo group (65%) and statistically highly significant (P<0.001) decrease in the diazepam group (72%) were observed on VAS after three weeks of treatment. The inter-group comparison demonstrated no statistically significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: This study suggests that the placebo can give near similar results as diazepam can. So the role of placebo should also be considered as one of the important management strategies. In the short term, reduction in the masticatory muscle tenderness and significant improvement in the mouth opening in both the groups were observed.

Hemicránea paroxística de localización dentomaxilar: reporte deun Caso / Dento maxilar paroxysmal hemialgia: case report

La hemicránea paroxística es un cuadro de cefalea primaria, agrupada dentro de las Cefaleas Trigémino Autonómicas(CTAs), junto con la cefalea cluster y el SUNCT, caracterizada por la presencia de dolor unilateral en la distribución somática del nervio trigeminal y asociada a características autonómicas craneofaciales ipsilaterales. A pesar de sus elementos comunes, de forma individual, difieren con respecto a su duración, frecuencia y la respuesta a indometacina. Se presenta un caso de hemicránea paroxística de localización primaria dentomaxilar, sus características comunes y particulares respecto de las demás CTAs, y la necesidad del diagnóstico diferencial con cuadros dolorosos provenientes de estructuras estomatognáticas.

Paroxysmal hemialgia is a primary cephalea of the AutonomousTrigeminus Cephaleas type (ATCs) along with cluster cephalea and SUNCT characterized by the presence of unilateral pain in the somatic distribution of the trigeminal nerve associated to autonomous craniofacial ipsilateral characteristics. Despite the common elements, individually they differ with respect to the length, frequency and response to indomethacin. We present a primary location dento maxilar paroxysmal hemialgia case, its common and particular characteristics with respect to all other ATCs and the need to a differential diagnose with pain coming from stomatognathic structures.

Influence of NMDA and non-NMDA antagonists on acute and inflammatory pain in the trigeminal territory: a placebo control study / Influência dos antagonistas dos receptores NMDA e não-NMDA sobre a dor aguda e inflamatória ao nível do território do trigêmeo: um estudo placebo controlado

NMDA and non-NMDA receptors are involved in spinal transmission of nociceptive information in physiological and pathological conditions. Our objective was to study the influence of NMDA and non-NMDA receptor antagonists on pain control in the trigeminal system using a formalin-induced orofacial pain model. Motor performance was also evaluated. Male Rattus norvegicus were pre-treated with topiramate (T) (n=8), memantine (M) (n=8), divalproex (D) (n=8) or isotonic saline solution (ISS) (n=10) intraperitoneally 30 minutes before the formalin test. Formalin 2.5 percent was injected into the right upper lip (V2 branch) and induced two phases: phase I (early or neurogenic) (0-3 min) and phase II (late or inflammatory) (12-30 min). For motor behavior performance we used the open-field test and measured latency to movement onset, locomotion and rearing frequencies, and immobility time. Pre-treatment of animals with M and D only attenuated nociceptive formalin behavior for phase II. T increased locomotion and rearing frequencies and reduced immobility time. Treatment with M increased immobility time and with D reduced locomotion frequency. Our results showed that the NMDA antagonist (M) is more potent than the non-NMDA antagonists (D and T) in the control of pain in the inflammatory phase. The non-NMDA topiramate improved motor performance more than did D and M, probably because T has more anxiolytic properties.

Receptores NMDA e não-NMDA estão envolvidos na transmissão das informações nociceptivas em condições fisiológicas e patológicas. Com o objetivo de estudar a influência dos antagonistas dos receptores NMDA e não-NMDA sobre o controle de dor no sistema trigeminal utilizamos modelo de dor orofacial induzida pela formalina. Testes de desempenho motor foram também avaliados. Ratos machos da espécie Rattus norvegicus foram tratados com topiramato (T) (n=8), memantina (M) (n=8), divalproato de sódio (D) (n=8) ou solução salina isotônica (SSI) (n=10), por via intraperitoneal, 30 minutos antes dos testes com a formalina. Formalina 2.5 por cento foram injetadas na região do lábio superior dos animais (segundo ramo do trigêmeo) induzindo comportamento em duas fases distintas: fase I (precoce ou neurogênica) (0-3 min ) e fase II (tardia ou inflamatória) (12-30 min). Para avaliação da atividade motora utilizou-se o teste do campo aberto mensurando-se a latência para o início dos movimentos, número de casas andadas, freqüência de levantamentos e tempo de imobilidade. Animais pré-tratados com M e D atenuaram a fase inflamatória do teste da formalina. O T aumenta o número de casas andadas, freqüência de levantamentos e reduz o tempo de imobilidade. Nossos resultados mostram que o antagonista NMDA é mais potente do que os antagonistas não-NMDA para o controle da fase inflamatória da dor. O topiramato entretanto aumenta a atividade motora provavelmente porque apresente propriedades ansiolíticas.

Beneficial effects of botulinum toxin type A in trigeminal neuralgia / Beneficio de la toxina botulínica tipo A en neuralgia del trigemino

Botulinum toxin has been thoroughly studied as a potential tool in the treatment of several pain syndromes. Therefore, we assessed the clinical effects of botulinum toxin type A injections in 12 patients with otherwise unresponsive idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Patients were infiltrated with 20-50 units of botulinum toxin in trigger zones. Those who presented with mandibular involvement were also infiltrated in the masseter muscle. The patients were assessed on a weekly basis using the Visual Analogic Scale for pain. Ten of our patients reported a significant benefit from botulinum toxin injections, with reduction or even disappearance of pain, and remained pain free for as long as 60 days. Our findings suggest that botulinum toxin may represent a useful therapeutic tool in the management of patients with this entity.

La toxina botulínica ha sido estudiada en forma exhaustiva como una potencial herramienta en el tratamiento de múltiples síndromes dolorosos. Por lo tanto, evaluamos los efectos clínicos de la aplicación de toxina botulínica tipo A en 12 sujetos con neuralgia trigeminal idiopática resistente a manejo farmacológico. Se aplicaron en dichos sujetos entre 20 y 50 unidades de toxina botulínica tipo A en las zonas gatillo. Además se infiltró el músculo masetero en aquellos que presentaban involucro mandibular. Los sujetos fueron evaluados semanalmente con una escala visual análoga para dolor. Diez de los sujetos reportaron un beneficio significativo con el uso de toxina botulínica, con reducción e incluso desaparición del dolor, permaneciendo libres de dolor por un periodo de hasta 60 días. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que la toxina botulínica puede representar una herramienta terapéutica útil en el manejo de pacientes con esta entidad.

Estudo comparativo entre toxina botulínica e bupivacaína para infiltração de pontos-gatilho em síndrome miofascial crônica / Comparative study between botulin toxin and bupivacaine for triggering-points infiltration in chronic myofascial syndrome

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Existem controvérsias sobre a eficácia da toxina botulínica em relação ao anestésico local para infiltração de pontos-gatilho. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar o efeito analgésico da toxina botulínica com o da bupivacaína, para infiltração em pontos-gatilho de síndrome miofascial crônica. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 20 pacientes, divididos em dois grupos. Os pacientes do G1 (n = 10) receberam 25U de toxina botulínica e os do G2 (n = 10), bupivacaína a 0,25 por cento, em um a três pontos-gatilho, sendo 0,5 mL por ponto. Os pacientes foram avaliados semanalmente, durante 8 semanas. Foram associados 35 mg de orfenadrina, e 300 mg de dipirona, a cada 8 horas, e os pacientes foram submetidos à estimulação elétrica transcutânea, duas vezes por semana, durante 1 hora por sessão. A intensidade da dor foi avaliada através da escala numérica verbal e a qualidade da analgesia, pelo paciente, nos momentos zero (antes da injeção), e após 30 minutos, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 8 semanas. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística (Mann-Whitney e Exato de Fisher). RESULTADOS: Após 30 minutos da aplicação e com 1 e 4 semanas, a intensidade da dor no G1 foi menor que no G2. Após 2, 3, 5, 7 e 8 semanas da infiltração, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. A qualidade da analgesia foi considerada melhor pelos pacientes do G1 que do G2, exceto após 2 semanas. CONCLUSÕES: O efeito analgésico foi melhor com toxina botulínica (25 U) que com bupivacaína a 0,25 por cento para infiltração de pontos-gatilho.

A post marketing survey on the side-effects of loxoprofen.

A survey study of the efficacy and side-effects of loxoprofen in orthopaedic outpatient clinics was carried out from January 1995 to December 1997. There were 1206 patients (569 males and 637 females) with an average age of 56.4 +/- 14.9 years. The youngest was 43 and the oldest was 79 years. About 36 per cent of the patients had underlying diseases and 31 per cent were receiving other medications as well as loxoprofen. About 91 per cent of the patients were satisfied with loxoprofen in terms of pain control and decreased inflammation. However, 8.4 per cent had side-effects, the most common being GI and CNS disturbances. Some patients (0.24%) had GI bleeding and needed hospitalization. The high risk patients were female older than 60 years who had used loxoprofen continuously for more than 6 weeks. However, we conclude that loxoprofen is an effective NSAID with few side-effects.